Paper Presented at the One- Day Symposium on Strategically Positioning Women For Nation Building Organized By RetAge Center held at the International Institute for Leadership and Good Governance, Abuja. 22nd March, 2012.
INTRODUCTION
The Paper is divided into three sections. The first part looks at a brief introduction of the Nigerian woman. The second part looks at her performance in politics and governance of Nigeria and finally proffers a way forward.
It has been rightly argued that ‘a woman is an architect of society’. She establishes the institution of family life, builds the home, brings up the children and makes them good citizens. Her strength in totality therefore contributes in the making of an ideal family, ideal society and an ideal state If she is naturally an architect, then a Woman’s participation in nation-building is an important ingredient in achieving an equitable, peaceful and more prosperous society. This implies gender equity where women’s inclusion is critical to shaping a democratic, stabilized and developed society.
Rise of The Nigerian Woman
The Nigerian Woman has come a long way from pre Independence (1960) to date. All through history the Nigerian women have advocated for recognition and effective inclusion of their contributions and strengths in socio-cultural, economic activities, communal and nation building. Struggle for provision of additional household disposable income are seen in heir involvement in farming, fishing, food processing and marketing and even provision of spiritual and health care services. These contributions are still very much there especially in rural Nigeria where more than 70% reside and continue to experience decline economic fortunes coupled with migration. Citations have been made in several literatures on earlier fighters like Queen Amina (who with her mother founded modern day Zaria) and Inikpi in more traditional and territorial military conquests of the 16th – 19th Century. Colonial/pre independence ushered in three key Nigerian women agitators strategically located in the north and south of Nigeria. They are: Mrs Olufunmilayo Fela Ransome Kuti(appointed into Western House of Chiefs) from the South West, Margrette Ekpo and Janet Mokelu (appointed into Eastern House of Chiefs) from the South East/ South- South and Gambo Sawaba from the North.
Their agitations for inclusion of issues of women in governance and what is now being called mainstreaming pre dates Beijing 1985. Yet they lived in societies that considered women as free adults but placed limitations which subordinated them to male authority especially on inheritance and land matters. Such double standards and subterranean interpretations of equity, access, participation etc still subsists today.
Post colonial and independent saw more women contributing to the Nigerian economy and ‘white collar’ jobs. In the latter, women were more in clerical/secretarial jobs. Education also was structured to prepare the woman for house chores so she was taught domestic science and needle work!
Women inclusion and participation in nation building today is further backed by the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria which states that:
‘(1) A citizen of Nigeria of a particular community, ethnic group, place of origin, sex, religion or political opinion shall not, by reason only that he is such a person;-
(a) Be subjected either expressly by or in the practical application of, any law in force in Nigeria or any executive or administrative action of the government, to disabilities or restrictions to which citizens of Nigeria or other communities, ethnic groups, places of origin, sex, religious or political opinions are not made subject’
Nigerian Women in Politics and Governance
Although participation of women in various aspects of national development increased in post colonial Nigeria, it was and still is a long haul. For instance statistics has it that as a result of migration of able bodied men to urban centers, women took over an increasing burden of food production by contributing 50%-70% of Nigeria’s food requirement. Some other statistics indicate that by 1979, women constituted 4.9% of recognised agricultural manpower, 1.4% of artisans and 1.6% of professionals and sub-professionals. But in the medical sector, women constituted 84.3% of Dieticians and 80.2% 0f nurses!
It was also in 1979 that women all over Nigeria could vote and be voted for. While Gambo Sawaba struggled for women franchise, it was only given in northern Nigeria in 1979. Women had the franchise in the south since 1960.
Participation of Nigerian women in politics remain a continuous struggle. A quick and selected gender audit of general elections in Nigeria indicate that a lot of work remains to be done by women and the Federal Government if inclusion of women is to part of our constitution. It will appear that some degree of progress was made between 1979-1983 when compared with the period between 1960-1979. A few women won elections into the House of Representatives at national level and only two women got elected as Federal Ministers. The military era, especially under Buhari, introduced the quota system where it was mandatory that there must be at least one female appointed into the Executive Council in every State. All the States complied and some had up to three female appointees into the State Executive Council. The 1990s also saw the appointment of female governors (2 only) in Lagos and Kaduna State. The 1992 elections saw only one woman elected into Senate and one into House of Representatives.
In 1999, while 978 men were elected into the State Assemblies, only 12 women were elected. Out of 109 Senators only 3 (three) women were elected. 347 men got elected into the National House of Representatives as against 13 women. Only one woman got to be Deputy Governor.
In 2003, at the State Houses of Assemblies only 39 women got in as against the 951 men. For the House of Representatives while 339 men got in, only 21 women (6.1%) and 4 (3.7%) women were elected into the Senate as against 105 males!
In appointment to offices, 747 men were appointed as against 86 (11.9%) women only.
In 2007, out of the 7160 contestants, only 628 women participated, out of the 25 candidates that contested for the highest office- President, only one woman participated while 14 vied for the office of the Vice President. 474 candidates contested for the gubernatorial elections out which only 14 were women vied and lost out to men. Only 5 got to be Deputy Governors ( Imo. Plateau, Ekiti, Lagos and Osun States) . Only 9 females got to be elected Senators out of the 109 Senators, 27 women out of the 360 House of Representatives. The table below gives a picture of participation of women in Nigerian Politics from 1999 to date i.e.2011:
Table 1: Elections into Senate and House of Representatives
DATE SENATE
MALE FEMALE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
MALE FEMALE
1999 106 3 347 13
2003 105 4 339 21
2007 100 9 333 27
2011 102 7 341 19
The table indicates a very poor outing for women. The decline in the 2011 general elections indicate that the Nigerian women still need to look into the issues militating against their chances to be elected and to work hard at them while at the same time demanding for our right to a minimum of 3o% (Beijing Declaration/ Affirmative Action) for elective positions and right to good governance as well as inclusion.
Factors Militating Against Women in Elections
The challenges that face women in politics are still very much with them.
The challenges are socio- cultural, economic and political. The challenges of discrimination are increasing instead of reducing. I will continue to emphasise the fact that the men dominate party hierarchy and leave women to singing and clapping their praises as well as feeding them with food. Indeed the woman leader is perhaps still expected to champion these three areas rather than sit with them to carry out decisions or map out policies for advancement.
It is impossible to achieve meaningful development if we leave out women. It is impossible to have any socio- cultural, economic and political transformation if we leave out women. It is women that understand the health challenges of women and children. It is women that feel the brunt of unemployed youths as well as issues of insecurity. They become widows left to take care of orphans with hardly any means of livelihood.
Consequently the following areas must be addressed:
1. Male dominance and discrimination – Pre election decisions are taken by the men who dominate party hierarchy. Internal party democracy must prevail. It is at this level decisions are taken on who eventually emerges. Imposition of candidates should be done way with. The best candidates must emerge.
2. Establishing a Political Trust Fund that will allow women running for politics to have access to after due screening.
3. Capacity building and training of women in politics and strategic planning methods.
4. Economic Empowerment of women.
I will conclude with the argument I started this paper with, that is the fact that women play a special role in the overall development of a country. “There is no chance for the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is not possible for a bird to fly on only one wing. The woman is the builder and moulder of a nation’s destiny, though delicate and soft as lily, she has a heart, stronger and bolder than that of man, she is the supreme inspiration for man’s onward march.”
Women can do better
Dr(Mrs.) Betty Nnadi
22nd March 2012